Theme | The various attributes to functioning of life in humans |
Relevant Grades | Class 10, 11 & 12 |
Key Learning Objectives |
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Session Duration | 1 Hour (Approximately) |
- THE MISSION
You are in an industry where you are in charge of simulating human-like figurines with all organs and structures intact capable of performing all activities as there is a huge need for such figurines needed for various types of activities that are being done by scientists in other planets. The other planets have started to develop life forms, food and other aspects for survival and hence this research experiment is being carried about to determine whether humans can survive on these planets. The gamer is incharge of creating all the organs and systems responsible for survival of the human-like figurines and strategically design the game in such a way that the human-like figurines are able to survive in different environments with great effectiveness. The extra-terrestrial beings present on the other planets pose a huge threat to the existence of human like figures for science and development in other planets and hence it is your responsibility to strategically design the figurines, equip them well to withstand attacks from extra-terrestrial beings and gain 500 points in the process and earn a special position with extra rewards and powers on successful completion of the game.
- CONCEPTS
Life
Earth happens to be the only known planet having a life. There are beings wh0 live, die and become part of nature again. The living organism can be differentiated from the inanimate entities on various parameters of life processes.
- Life Process
- Maintenance of living organisms is essential even if they are moving, resting or even sleeping.
- The processes which together perform the function of maintenance of ‘life’ are called life processes.
- Nutrition, respiration, circulation, excretion are examples of essential life processes.
- In unicellular organisms, all these processes are carried out by that single cell.
- In multicellular organisms, well-developed systems are present to carry out the processes
Nutrition in Humans
- Humans are omnivores, they can eat plant-based food as well as animal-based food.
- Being more complex, humans have a very complicated nutrition system.
- The digestive system has an alimentary canal and associated digestive glands, which together function to nourish the body.
- There are five stages in human nutrition; Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation and Egestion.
- Four stages i.e. ingestion, digestion, absorption and egestion take place in the alimentary canal while assimilation of food takes place in the whole body.
Alimentary Canal
- Alimentary canal in humans is a long tube of varying diameter.
- It starts with the mouth and ends with the anus.
- Oesophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine are the parts of the alimentary canal.
Mouth
- It is the opening of the alimentary canal and helps in ingestion of food.
- The buccal cavity which is present behind the mouth is also commonly referred to as the mouth.
- The buccal cavity has teeth and tongue.
- The set of teeth helps in the mastication of food.
- The tongue has taste buds on it and thus helps in tasting the food.
- The salivary glands open also in the buccal cavity and pour saliva which initiates the process of digestion.
Teeth
- Teeth are the hard structures present in the buccal cavity.
- They help us to cut, shear and masticate the food we eat.
- Vertical section of a tooth shows four layers as enamel, dentine, cement and dental pulp.
- Enamel is the outermost, shiny, highly mineralized and hardest part of the human body.
- Dentine makes the bulk of the tooth and contains 70% inorganic salts.
- Cement is present at the lining of a tooth and bony socket.
- The dental pulp is the central soft part of a tooth and contains nerve endings, blood and lymph vessels along with connective tissue.
- There are four types of teeth in humans, Incisors, canines, molars and premolars, each with a specific function.
- Incisors cut the food, canines tear the food while molars and premolars crush it.
- The dental formula in adult humans is 2:1:2:3.
Oesophagus
- The swallowed food passes into the oesophagus.
- It is a muscular tube, about 25 cm long, with a sphincter (valve/opening) at each end.
- Its function is to transport food and fluid, after being swallowed, from the mouth to the stomach.
- Food is pushed down by peristaltic movements.
Stomach
- The stomach is a thick-walled bag-like structure.
- It receives food from the oesophagus at one end and opens into the small intestine at the other end.
- The inner lining of the stomach secretes mucus, hydrochloric acid and digestive juices.
- Food is churned into a semi-solid mass in the stomach and is called chyme.
- Enzymes present in the gastric juice break down the food.
- Hydrochloric acid helps in partial digestion of proteins and also kills harmful bacteria.
- Mucus secreted by the wall of the stomach resists the action of HCl on itself.
Small Intestine
- The small intestine is the longest part of the alimentary canal, about 20 feet long in humans.
- It has regions, duodenum, the region which follows the stomach, jejunum is the middle part and ileum is the later region which continues further into the large intestine.
- The internal surface of the small intestine is folded into finger-like projections called villi.
- A common pancreatic duct from pancreas and liver opens into the duodenum.
- Most of the chemical digestion and absorption takes place in the small intestine.
Large Intestine
- The large intestine in humans is about 5 feet long.
- It has two regions, colon (about 1.5 m) and rectum (10 cm in length in the adult).
- The region of the large intestine after ileum is called colon while the last part is called the rectum.
- Colon has three regions as, ascending colon, transverse colon and descending colon.
- At the base of the ascending colon, a small finger-like out-growth is seen and is called an appendix.
- It houses many useful bacteria required for digestion of food.
- Rectum opens to the outside by anus.
- The anus has internal and external anal sphincters.
Peristalsis
- A constant wave-like movement of the alimentary canal right from the oesophagus to the small intestine is called peristalsis.
- Muscles present in the wall of the alimentary canal are responsible for peristalsis.
- This movement helps to push the food through the alimentary canal.
Digestive Glands
- Several glands produce digestive juices that help in digestion of the food.
- Salivary glands, Gastric glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas are few to name.
- Salivary glands secrete saliva which initiates digestion in the mouth itself.
- Gastric glands present in the wall of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and enzyme pepsin.
- The liver secretes bile which is stored in the gallbladder. Bile helps in digestion of fats.
- The pancreas secretes many digestive enzymes and its secretion is called pancreatic juice.
- Enzymes like trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, amylase are present in the pancreatic juice.
Pancreas
- The pancreas is a long, flat gland present behind the stomach in humans.
- It is one of the major digestive glands and is of mixed nature i.e. endocrine as well as exocrine.
- As an endocrine organ, it secretes two hormones called insulin and glucagon which maintain the blood sugar level.
- As an exocrine gland, it secretes pancreatic juice which is nothing but a mixture of many digestive enzymes.
- The digestive enzymes secreted by the pancreas include trypsin and chymotrypsin and proteases which digest proteins.
- It also includes amylase which digests the starch content of the food.
- Pancreatic lipases are the pancreatic enzymes that help in digestion of fats.
Holozoic Nutrition
- The mode of nutrition in which animals take their food as a whole is called as holozoic nutrition.
- In holozoic nutrition, food passes through five steps as ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation and egestion.
- Physiology of Digestion
- Mechanical digestion of food takes place in the buccal cavity where teeth masticate the food, saliva gets mixed and it turns into a bolus.
- Digestion of starch starts in the buccal cavity itself, with the action of salivary amylase present in the saliva.
- Salivary amylase converts starch into maltose.
- In the stomach, the churning of food takes place due to the muscular contraction and relaxation of its wall. It breaks down the food into simpler substances.
- Digestion of proteins starts in the stomach with the action of pepsin. Proteins are broken down into smaller fragments called peptide by the action of pepsin.
- The bolus after mixing with gastric juice, turn into a fine soluble form known as the chyme.
- Chyme enters into the small intestine where complete digestion takes place due to the action of various enzymes present in the pancreatic juice, bile and intestinal juice.
- The digested food is completely absorbed by the villi and microvilli of the small intestine.
- Undigested food then enters into the large intestine.
- The colon is responsible for absorption of water and salts whereas rectum stores the undigested food temporarily before defecation.
- Digestive System in Other Animals
- Digestive systems in different animals vary in structure and function.
- The structure of the digestive system depends on the food habits of the animal.
- Alimentary canal in herbivores is long as the cellulose content of their plant-based diet takes a long time to digest.
- On the other hand, the alimentary canal of carnivorous animals is comparatively shorter because meat gets digested faster.
GAME DESIGN
- Problem statement
You are in an industry where you are in charge of simulating human-like figurines with all organs and structures intact capable of performing all activities as there is a huge need for such figurines needed for various types of activities that are being done by scientists in other planets. The other planets have started to develop life forms, food and other aspects for survival and hence this research experiment is being carried about to determine whether humans can survive on these planets. The gamer is in charge of creating all the organs and systems responsible for survival of the human-like figurines and strategically design the game in such a way that the human-like figurines are able to survive in different environments with great effectiveness. The extra-terrestrial beings present on the other planets pose a huge threat to the existence of human like figures for science and development in other planets and hence it is your responsibility to strategically design the figurines, equip them well to withstand attacks from extra-terrestrial beings and gain 500 points in the process and earn a special position with extra rewards and powers on successful completion of the game.
- Game design overview
Imagine you are in an industry where you are in charge of simulating human-like figurines with all organs and structures intact capable of performing all activities as there is a huge need for such figurines needed for various types of activities that are being done by scientists in other planets. The other planets have started to develop life forms, food and other aspects for survival and hence this research experiment is being carried about to determine whether humans can survive on these planets. The gamer is incharge of creating all the organs and systems responsible for survival of the human-like figurines and strategically design the game in such a way that the human-like figurines are able to survive in different environments with great effectiveness. The extra-terrestrial beings present on the other planets pose a huge threat to the existence of human like figures for science and development in other planets and hence it is your responsibility to strategically design the figurines, equip them well to withstand attacks from extra-terrestrial beings and gain 500 points in the process and earn a special position with extra rewards and powers on successful completion of the game.
- How to design the game?
- Step I
Imagine you are in an industry where you are in charge of simulating human-like figurines with all organs and structures intact capable of performing all activities as there is a huge need for such figurines needed for various types of activities that are being done by scientists in other planets. The other planets have started to develop life forms, food and other aspects for survival and hence this research experiment is being carried about to determine whether humans can survive on these planets.
Hint: There should be 20 figurines created which exactly resemble human beings and all the life processes that are needed for the survival of a human with proper functioning organs should be designed to withstand temperatures, climate, different forms of food. Construction of each figurine gives the gamer 10 points and the gamer earns powers that they can provide to all the figurines and this level of the game should be completed within 20 minutes or else the figurines created start to disintegrate in outer space by 50% and you lose the game.
- Step II
The second step of the game involves equipping the figurines with all the aspects needed for survival like nutrition, process of respiration etc and also giving them special powers like protection gears for protection from aliens, guns to immobilize aliens, protection nets and ability to mutate into aliens to avoid capture and death by them.
Hint: For every special power used against the aliens by the figurines, the player gains a total of 100 points and also destroys all the 10 aliens the figurines face on the planet. For every alien defeated, the figurines gain an extra power and have a better chance of winning the game. The second level of the game should be completed in 10 minutes or else the aliens gain 50% more power than they already have and will destroy the figurines.
- Step III
The final step of the game involves leaving the planet soon as there is lack of fuel and there are technical errors in the rocket.
Hint: The rocket has to get fuel supply by the figurines having to dig and drill the oil from the planet’s centre core and start the rocket. The final level earns the gamer 200 points and they should reach earth in 10 minutes.
- ASSESSMENT
Learning Objective Based Evaluation (0-1) | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | ||
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Higher Order Thinking Skills | Problem Solving | Critical Thinking | Innovation | Creativity | ||
Q5 | Q6 | Q7 | Q8 | Q9 | Q10 | |
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Learning Objective Based Evaluation Total Score | /4 |
Higher Order Thinking Skills Total Score | /8 |
Total Score | /12 |
Learning Objective Based Evaluation
1 point Questions:
Q1. Which of the following is the structural and functional unit of the kidney?
- Nephron
- Neuron
- Cornea
- None of the above
Q2. Which of the following is a digestive juice?
- Bile
- Urine
- Iron
- None of the above
Q3. What are the small, finger-like projections seen in the inner side of the intestine called?
- Villi
- Retina
- None of the above
Q4. Which of the following enzymes digests pepsin in the stomach?
- Pepsin
- Renin
- None of the above
Evaluation of HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)
Identification of the Problem Statement:
Q5. What is the goal of the game that you have designed? (1 point)
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Q6. Does the game designed solve the problem? Justify your answer. (1 point)
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Solution of the Problem Statement:
Q7. What are the most important types of enzymes involved in the process of digestion and its function? (1 point)
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Q8. How does all the systems and organs present in humans contribute to the overall life process? (1 point)
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Innovation in the Problem Statement:
Q9. What are the innovative aspects of the solution for which the game is designed? (2 points)
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Creativity in the Game Design:
Q10. Describe and explain the unique design elements used in the game. (2 points)
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